Reviews of Biochemistry WWW Pages by Students of BGSU CHEM 308

Instructor: W. Robert Midden (midden@bgsu.bgnet.edu)

Spring 1996

What Is Anorexia Nervosa? What Can Be Done For It?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Virginia Tech Division of Student Affairs University Couneling Center

The Answer:

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder that is found on many college campuses. This disorder is an attempt to lose weight through self-starvation. They lose the weight by the body using up all the energy stores and eventually going to the tissues. People with this disorder may be extremely underweight, however, they see themselves as =84fat=BE, deny any of their eating problems with their eating habits, and will ignore any efforts made to get them to eat or return to a more healthy weight. This disorder along with Bulimia occurs more frequently in young women. It is predicted that one in twenty college women have some type of eating disorder. Individual psychotherapy, medical and nutritional counseling, and self-help support groups are ways to help the individual stabilize eating patterns, maintain a healthy weight, and become less engrossed with food.

Kristen Surrell
Email: kristes@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How is creatinine used in muscle contraction?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The VA Medical Center of San Diego, California This is a page posting information from the Nueromuscular Physiology Laboratory with a detailed description of the physiology of the muscular sytem.

The Answer:

During exercises such as weight training, muscles need a quick form of muscle energy to perform the exercise. This energy is stored as a phosphorolated Creatine to store this ready-to-use energy. The phosphorus group can be quickly removed and used to be converted to ATP, the energy needed to drive the muscle contraction. Approximately 10.3 kcal/mole are given off with the hydrolysis of one creatine phosphate to creatine.

Chris Taylor
Email: ctaylor@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What or where does HIV attack upon entering the human body?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Taken from: The AIDS Stack, a HyperCard AIDS information project begun in 1987 by Michael Tidmus.

The Answer:

HIV attacks through a protein embedded in the membrane of T helper cells. The HIV then invades these cells by first attaching its-self to the CD4 receptor located on the surface protein. Once attached, HIV then begins its damage. CD4 receptor, this term also refers to an experimental, genetically engineered drug that acts as a "decoy" that "tricks" HIV into attaching to it instead of infecting the human cells.

Jonathan W. Seibert
Email: jseiber@opie.bgsu.edu

What are the side effects of caffeine and what are it's effects on your metabolism?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
A Caffeine Report

Being fully aware that I'm a habitual consumer of coffee, I wanted to know what effects caffeine may have on my mental state and metabolism. I found a rather good article on the side effects of caffeine and the effects it has on your metabolism. As far as the mental aspect is concerned it appears that coffee has a positive uplifting effect on your spirit. A major study showed that more suicides occurred with people who did not drink coffee as opposed to those who did. Also, there was found to be no positive correlation to drinking coffee and death. There was however, a small connection to risk of heart attack.

One effect of caffeine that is astounding is it's ability to increase the level of circulating fatty acids. This increase allows for more oxidation of the fatty acids. The most marked effect on one's metabolism of fatty acids, however, occurs in those who are not habitual users. Caffeine in your diet won't decrease your affection for food-just in case you thought that's why people thought Dexatrim worked.

As you might be aware caffeine has quite a stimulatory effect. One possibility of this might be that methylxanthines, such as caffeine contribute to the release of excitatory aminoacids which include glutamate and aspartate-the important stimulatory neurotransmitters in the brain.

Now for the good part of the caffeine story-side effects. Some of the lesser evils include: jitters, headache, and restlessness. Overdosing on caffeine can include symptoms such as diuresis, flushed face, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, tachycardia and cardiac arrhythmia. A lethal dose is approximately 10grams. A cup of strong coffee can have 200mg or more-so not to worry. Another hazardous side effect is caffeine's ability to stop the activity of protective antiepileptic drugs. Those who suffer from epilepsy should be concerned with any caffeine they might take in.

In the mean time, enjoy your coffee and no more than three cups a day.

Marcus Berggren
Email: mberggr@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is known about breast cancer and is it hereditary?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES OF EARLY BREAST CANCER EVOLUTION and MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES OF EARLY BREAST CANCER EVOLUTION

The Answer:

Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly diseases in the Western World. "In 1993, 175,000 new cases alone, were reported in the United States." Unfortunatelly, 1/2 to 1/3 of all patients who devolp breast cancer eventually die from it. "Of the 180,000 breast cancers diagnosed annually in the U.S, only 5% are hereditary cases." Researchers are having a hard time coming up with a cure for women or men who have already developed it. As a result, a new focus is being made on breast cancer prevention as well as breast cancer treatment.

Rebecca Rogier
Email: blrogie@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Should insulin production be slowed down with the help of medication?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Dietitian answers people's questions.

The Answer:

The article that it would not be wise for a person with diabetes to take a medication of that sort. The pancreas produces insulin which facilitates glucose into the cell where it is metabolized into energy. The normal range for insulin is 70-100mg%. For a diabetic who takes insulin, it is much higher. This is because the insulin receptors on the cell needs more insulin than normal to move glucose into the cell. Once it is however, it is used as energy. That is why it would not be wise for a person to take a medication to lower his/her insulin.

Shannon Richards
Email: srichar@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Can the human growth hormone, Protropin, be used to help AIDS patients?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This site is an on-line version of the publication National Association of People with AIDS, which is a magazine that discusses medical topics dealing with HIV.

The Answer:

Protropin is the brand name of a recombinant human growth hormone. This hormone has been approved in the U.S. for children with growth deficiencies. The government is very hesitant about legalizing other growth hormones because they are misused by athletes trying to "pump up their muscles." In recent studies, however, it has been found that the growth hormone Serostim may affect AIDS patients by increasing their lean muscle tissue and decreasing their extreme weight loss. In a 12 week trial, it was found that 178 AIDS patients gained an average of 4 kg of lean body mass through the use of this growth hormone. This is the first treatment that has been found to make a diffence. Although the 6 mg per day dose would cost about $1,000 per week, this drug may make the last part of AIDS patients' lives more bearable or even allow them to live longer by strengthening their body. The FDA, however, will not approve this drug as of now and many AIDS patients are needlessly suffering from extreme weight loss. This site will also give addresses and telephone numbers of places you can reach to voice your opinion about approving this drug for use with AIDS patients.

Laura VonDeylen
Email: laurav@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Does caffeiene enhance athletic performance?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Caffeine and the athlete

The Answer:

Caffeiene is one of the most used and stimulating drugs on the market. It is found in softdrinks, coffee, and chocolate. Since this compound is used in high demand by society its effects are of great importance. This article studied the effects of caffeine on athletic performance. The author believes that the role of caffeine as an ergonic compound aids in endurance. Ergonic compunds are energy generating substances. It is hypothesized that while caffeine does not benefit shorterm activities, such as sprints, it does enhance the endurance athlete's performance. This is because glycogen is the principal fuel for muscles. When glycogen is used up exhaustion sets in. A secondary fuel is fat. When glycogen is present fat can be used as a fuel for the muscles. When this system has caffeine added to it fat is encouraged to be the primary fuel for muscles. This delays the depletion of glycogen and exhaustion time of the athlete. These studies have not been tested on Ironman races. Most tests have been conducted on a two hour time interval. Although, it has been recorded that prerace caffeine is helpful in longer races, because the athlete is using the storage of fat rather than glycogen as fuel for the muscles. If considering to use caffeine for an endurance race the article had a few recommendations: 1. Ingest caffeine 3-4 hours before competition. 2. Abstain from caffeine for 3-4 days before the race. This allows for a decrease in caffeine toloerance and yeilds a bigger boost for the race. 3. Before trying this technique be aware of the effects of caffeine on your body. It has been observed that this drug can worsen ulcer symptoms, cause acid reflux, insomnia, and anxiety.

allison Sieving
Email: allisos@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Can oral contraceptives increase the risk of breast cancer?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer

The Answer:

Louise Brinton, Ph.D. conducted a study that showed women under the age of 35 who had taken oral contraceptives for six months or more were at a 70% greater risk of developing breast cancer than non-users. She also stated that those who had started taking the pill before the age of 18 or had been taking it for a long period of time, were at an even greater risk. Other researchers argue this and believe the pill and breast cancer relationship is more of a biological issue. Although the relationship between oral contraceptives and breast cancer is still under study, most of the researchers agree that women may be at a greater risk of developing cancer if they have used the pill long term, began to take the pill at an early age, or have a family history of breast cancer, and believe the risks should be discussed with their doctor.

Kelly Kromer
Email: kkromer@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Scleroderma, and how is it treated?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This site seems to be located at the University of Washington, possibly from their medical school.

The Answer:

Scleroderma is a disease that effects mainly women ages 30-50. This disease is also found in men, although in much less abundance. Scleroderma is neither contagious nor inheritable, and its method of contraction is not yet known. There are varying degrees of Scleroderma, from the less serious skin disorder, to the more complex and devastating disease that attacks the internal organs. Scleroderma basically is a mutation in the immune system which allows the body to collect dense forms of collagen. These "balls of collagen" can then collect in the skin causing hardened lesions and in the internal organs, making it hard for the body to function normally. Some symptoms of this disease are swelling of the joints, skin lesions, shortness of breath, elevated blood pressure and weight loss. Currently there is no known cure of this disease. The symptoms of Scleroderma are treated by use of steroids, asprin, anti-inflammatory drugs, and therapeutic exercise.

Rosemary Reiter
Email: rreiter@bgnst.bgsu.edu

How does cholesterol (lipids) intake lead to atherosclerosis?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Annual 1994 report on prevention and health from the Gaubis Laboratory, the division of vascular and connective tissue research

The Answer:

The level of cholesterol and the types of cholesterol present influence if a person is susceptible to atherosclerosis. Genetics are another factor that are part of the puzzle that contribute to the clogging of arteries. Inherited defects in lipid metabolism are areas of intense research to study the genes responsible and correcting the defects with diet, drugs, or combo of the two. It has been proven that genetic factors are the main contributors to the variation in plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. This article gives an excellent review on the formation of cholesterol and the direction research is heading to stop atherosclerosis.

Brent Lloyd
Email: blloyd@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What causes an abnormal heart rhythm?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The American Heart Association's Heart and Stroke Guide

The Answer:

A heartbeat occurs when an electrical impulse begins in the right atrium and moves throughout the heart, causing the heart to contract. The atria contract before the ventricles in order to allow the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles before they contract. Contractions happen 60-100 times each miute. An abnormal heart rhythm, arrthymia, occurs when another part of the heart (not the right atrium) acts as the pacemaker, when the electrical impulse's path is interrupted, or when the normal pacemaker has an abnormal rate or rhythm. Abnormal heart rhythms can cause the heart to beat too fast or too slow, known as tachycardia and bradycardia, respectively. These conditions can be corrected by controlling the electrical impulses through the heart through the use of medication for tachycardia and an electronic pacemaker for bradycardia.

Jody Payne
Email: jpayne@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Can the human growth hormone, Protropin, be used to help AIDS patients?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This site is an on-line version of the publication National Association of People with AIDS, which is a magazine that discusses medical topics dealing with HIV.

The Answer:

Protropin is the brand name of a recombinant human growth hormone. This hormone has been approved in the U.S. for children with growth deficiencies. The government is very hesitant about legalizing other growth hormones because they are misused by athletes trying to "pump up their muscles." In recent studies, however, it has been found that the growth hormone Serostim may affect AIDS patients by increasing their lean muscle tissue and decreasing their extreme weight loss. In a 12 week trial, it was found that 178 AIDS patients gained an average of 4 kg of lean body mass through the use of this growth hormone. This is the first treatment that has been found to make a diffence. Although the 6 mg per day dose would cost about $1,000 per week, this drug may make the last part of AIDS patients' lives more bearable or even allow them to live longer by strengthening their body. The FDA, however, will not approve this drug as of now and many AIDS patients are needlessly suffering from extreme weight loss. This site will also give addresses and telephone numbers of places you can reach to voice your opinion about approving this drug for use with AIDS patients.

Laura VonDeylen
Email: laurav@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is lactose intolerance? What effect does lactose intolerance have on those afflicted?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
American Dietetics Association and James University Computer Club

The Answer:

Lactose intolerance is the inability of the human body to digest the disaccharide lactose. Lactose is comprised of the monosaccharides galactose and glucose. Lactase, the enzyme required to digest lactose is not produced in the body in sufficient quantities. Certain ethnic groups are known to be afflicted with this condition in greater numbers than others. This intolerance is a detriment to those afflicted, as most choose to avoid the milk, yogurt and cheese groups in which lactose is found. This avoidance can cause those afflicted to miss out on important nutrients and minerals that is found in dairy products. The milk group as a whole is a large sector of the food pyramid and 2-3 servings are recommended per day. This group is also an important source of protein, carbohydrates and the mineral calcium. The avoidance of milk also omit the fortified vitamins that are required to be placed in fluid milk by the USDA. It is especially difficulty for those who do not consume these foods to meet their calcium totals, and this can have a prolong affect on osteoporosis in the later years of life.

Michael J. Silka
Email: msilka@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How are purines catabolized?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Purine Catabolism

The Answer:

Generally, the purines, adenine and guanine, are in the form of nucleotides, and these nucleotides must first be converted to purine bases by hydrolysis, deamination, and phosphorolysis. Many enzymes are used to strip the nucleotides so that only the bases remains. These base are then converted to a common intermediate, xanthine. The represented from of adenine is oxidized to xanthine by an enzyme, and guanine is deaminated to xanthine (releasing ammonia). Xanthine is then oxidized by oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide and urate, which is excreted. In summary, purines are deaminated, with ammonia released from the amino group, and the rings are converted to uric acid, by oxidation, for excretion.

Andrew D. Smith
Email: asmith2@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Pancreas . The islets of Langerhans are destroyed in type I diabetes mellitus. This occurs probably as a consequence ..

The Answer:

In Diabetes Mellitus the main organ in question is the pancreas. The islets of Langerhans are destroyed in type I diabetes mellitus. This occurs probably as a consequence of a genetic susceptibility, followed by the onset of autoimmune destruction triggered by some environmental factor such as a viral infection. Heavy lymphocytic infiltrates appear in and around islets. The number and size of islets are eventually reduced, leading to decreased insulin production and glucose intolerance. The islets of Langerhans are normal in number or somewhat reduced with typeII diabetes mellitus. Fibrosis and deposition of amylin polypeptide within islets are most characteristic of chronic states of type II diabetes.

Pam Vojtush
Email: pamv@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Lactose Intolerance.

The answer to this question was obtained from:
What Is Lactose Intolerance? You should seek medical evaluation before placing yourself on a lactose-restricted diet. Do not make a self-diagnosis without professional...

The Answer:

Lactose intolerance is a disorder in which lactose, which is the sugar in milk, is unable to be digested. Lactase, the enzyme that digests lactose in the small intestine, is not present in people who are lactose intolerant. This enzyme slowly decreases in activity as one ages and affects many people in different populations. Dairy products offer many valuable nutrients that must be supplied in the diet. For persons with lactose intolerance, they must choose foods that are low in lactose or free of it and offer high nutrient value. If they would happen to eat a large amount of lactose the bacteria in the small intestine ferment the undigested lactose and cause a great deal of pain from bloating, gas and perhaps diarrhea. Calcium is an important nutrient in milk and helps in the prevention of osteoporosis. Supplements or other good calcium sources should comprise the diet of someone who is lactose intolerant. Dark, green leafy vegetable are an excellent source as well as almonds, tofu, legumes, blackstrap molasses or fish. Any one who feels they may suffer from this disorder should not diagnosis themselves, but rather they should get a medical evaluation and see a registered dietitian. For more information on the subject call 1-800-745-0775.

Melanie Paluch
Email: paluch@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Shwachman Syndrome?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Shwachman Syndrome Support

The Answer:

Shwachman syndrome is a rare multi-organ syndrome which mainly affects the pancreas, bone marrow, and skeleton. The affect it has on the pancreas is that it is unable to produce the enzymes necessary to digest food causing a lack of nutrition to grow and stay healthy. The bone marrow is affected by causing a low number of white blood cells and/or WBC that do not function properly. Other blood conditions suchas anemia may occur. People affected by this syndrome are small for their age and usually have bone abnormalties.

Betsy Gamez
Email: gamezbj@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are vegetable tannins?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Vegetable tannin report at Stanford University

The Answer:

A group of complex hydrocarbons substances that are common in most of the vegetable kingdom, that can change hide and skin (protien) into leather. They are large organic materials that are so big they can not decide whether or not to classify it as a macromolecule or micromolecule. They are in almost all parts of the plant and are most abundant in green or immature fruits. The level decreases with the age of the plant. Tannins can precipate gelatin from solution and form insoluble compounds with gelatin yeilding tissues. This gelation is the property that contain that convert skin to leather which is more water resistany.

Kelly Kolopajlo
Email: kolopak@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How can rickets be prevented in breastfed babies?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The Ethnic Medicine Guide at Harborview Medical Center

The Answer:

Low amounts of vitamin D in the body have been associated with the disease of weak bones, otherwise known as rickets. Not only can rickets occur as a result of inadequate calcium and vitamin D metabolism, too little sunlight can cause rickets as well. Infants feeding on breastmilk for more than six months, premature or colored babies, and infants fed a strict vegetarian diet are at greatest risk. Symptoms of rickets in your baby should be recognized as slowed growth, weakness, so much as to hinder standing or walking, seizures, and irritability. If the location of one's residence is in the Northwest, s/he should supply vitamin D once a day for the first two years of a child's life. The reason for this is inadequate sun exposure. Sun exposure is the best way to prevent rickets. Vitamin D is available without prescription and should be requested for the purpose of providing adequate vitamin D in breastfed infants.

Heather Siegmund
Email: heathes@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What causes constipation?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

The Answer:

Constipation (infrequency in bowel movements) is caused by numerous things and although it is not considered serious itself it is known to lead to things such as hemorrhoids. This condition is classified as bowel movements that are occuring less than three times a week. Each individual has there ow unique system, but this time period is the average with which doctors use to pin point the problem. Causes of constipation range from poor diet to nerve damage and from laxitive abuse to long distance traveling. There is no one cause and it is even possible to have imaginary constipation. If the problem persists the intestinal contents may harden and they may be come difficult (at times PAINFULL) to pass. The problem itself is not serious and can be adjusted by changing eating habits and lifestyle trends, but as a last resort it can be treated with laxitives. The laxitives are used to lubricate the intestine and soften the stool. Constipation should be considered a sypmtom just as a fever and is a problem that should be addressed. If the symptoms persist contact your physician.

HOPE THIS HELPS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Amy Essinger
Email: eamy@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What causes toxicity in walnut trees?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Michigan State University Agricultural College

The Answer:

Many years ago, a chemical compound called juglone, which is a quinone, was isolated from walnut husks and was found to be highly toxic to alfalfa and tomatoes when injected into the plants. It was also noted that apple trees that even grew close to walnut trees were subsequently killed. It has since been discovered that walnut bark also produces juglone and this has a toxic effect on the soil due to root presence. The chemical causes wilting in plants that contact walnut roots and this usually becomes so severe that death is the result. It is interesting to note that the effect juglone has on the soil seems to deal only with root contact since walnut hulls and leaves used as mulch have not had the same effect. This is a significant observation due to the fact that walnut roots do not occupy the surface layers in most soils, thus allowing growth of many shallow rooted species that don't come in contact with the roots under the tree.

Jason W. Boggs
Email: bjason@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What treatments are available for Raynaud's Disease?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This site contains information on various topics concerning RaynaudŐs Disease.

The Answer:

There are no medical treatments for this disease at this time, only treatments that individuals with the disease can try. These include protecting yourself from cold, by: dressing in layers, wearing mittens, and drinking warm beverages. Another treatment is to take good care of your skin, by using cream on your hands and using gloves when washing with detergent. Individuals should not smoke and should find ways to reduce stress levels. Individuals should also avoid vibrating activities, such as: typing, playing a piano, and chopping food. Finally individuals should consult a doctor if the problem is thought to be caused by an underlying disease.

Michael Gosser
Email: mgosser@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Serotonin: What does it control and how does medication control seritonin levels?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Fairlight Consulting Home Page; info. on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

The Answer:

This article is a full explanation of the neurotransmitter, serotonin. Its function in the body, along with its receptors, and drugs that are used to control serotonin levels for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression. Serotonin turns out to have many functions in the body and some of them depend on the receptor that is used. Among these functions are control of appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, mood, behavior, cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, endocrine regulation, and depression. Many drugs are on the market that control serotonin levels to achieve different purposes. These drugs all work in different ways. They will affect synthesis of serotonin, inhibit serotonin uptake, and some are receptor agonists and antagonists. One of these well known drugs is Prozac, which is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. This drug increases the amount of serotonin present in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting its uptake. Other drugs that work in this same way are Paxil, Zoloft, and Luvox. These drugs are mainly used as antidepressants. There are many other drugs available that alter serotonin levels in the body and work in different ways for different purposes. Among them are appetite suppressant, control OCD, and others. Many new drugs are still being tested as to their safety and effectiveness.

David Brazik
Email: dbrazik@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How does alcohol effect the body?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Alcohol's effects on the body.

The Answer:

Whether the amount of alcohol consumed is small or large, it still can be harmful to the body. Once thought of as a helpful drug, alcohol is now known to contribute to many diseases. Some of the risks associated with alcohol use include: it helps to create clumps of red blood cells which is the cause of many disease, kills brain cells, can lead to a disease causing body convolusions, and heavy drinkers have eight times the normal chance of getting cirrohosis of the liver. In short, alcohol can destroy the body of a user and its effects "should not be taken lightly."

Mandaline Clemens
Email: mac3021@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Hepatitus A?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
U S Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins 1992 (Bad Bug Book)

The Answer:

Hepatitus A, or HAV, is a picronavirus, which is furthur classified within the enterovirus group. This organism is made up of a single strand of RNA which is surrounded by a protein capsid. The disease is usually mild, only causing fever, malaise, nausea, anorexia, and abdominal discomfort. These symtoms are usually followed by jaundice. This disease can be diagnosed by locating IgM-class anti-HAV in serum of infected individuals. People are infected by eating contaminated foods or water. The most common infections are due to water, shellfish, and salads. The most recent outbreaks occurred in 1990, in Montana and Georgia. Strawberries were implicated in these outbreaks.

Catherine Bridges
Email: cbridge@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are the current advancements in juvenile diabetes research?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Juvenile Diabetes

The Answer:

Children with juvenile diabetes, or Type I diabetes, lack sufficient insulin in their bodies because the pancreas cells that produce insulin are destroyed. The disease is diagnosed in 1 in 300 children by 20 years of age. Research is continually being funded to find a cure and cause of the disease. A major advancement has been made in detecting the genes that can lead to juvenile diabetes by the Canadian Genetic Disease Network. Juvenile diabetes is caused by the combination of several genes. If researchers can detect the exact genes, it may be possible to detect children who possess these combinations and ultimately prevent the occurrence of this condition. Dr. Leigh Field, who leads the Canadian Genetic Disease Network, has been studying this disease since 1983. Dr. Field identified two new genes thought to be linked to juvenile diabetes by using a "genome screen." The researchers studied the genome of 250 families that had two or more children with diabetes. They discovered two specific genes located on chromosomes fifteen and eleven. The ultimate goal of this research is to be able to detect the disease and prevent its attack on the body of children.

Jenneth Rospert
Email: rospert@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Ephedrine and How Does It Work?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Drugs and Drug Abuse by: Cox, Jacobs, Leblanc, Marshman, and Fehr

The Answer:

Ephedrine is the oral form of Epinephrine or Adrenaline, but it is not as powerful. It is a naturally occuring central nervous system stimulant. It can be obtained from the plant, Ephedra equisetina, or produced synthetically. It is produced as the salt, ephedrine sulfate. This adrenergic drug works by stimulating alpha and beta receptors, which exist in the sympathetic nervous system. This stimulation causes norepinephrine to be released and has the ultimate effect of increasing heart rate, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction. Because of its effects it is used in milder cases of asthmatic attack, to treat low blood pressure, and relieve nasal congestion. The biggest concern is building up a tolerance and overdosing. The typical adult dose is 30-60 mg taken orally, three to four times per day.

Joy Caton
Email: caton@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What genetic defect causes the DNA in your body to become your enemy?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
CF-WEB

The Answer:

People with the disease cystic fibrosis have a defective protein "gate",a channel that regulates the flow of chloride ions across cell membranes. This genetically defective protein is present in all cells, so many of the body's systems are disrupted. Digestive complications and pulmonary problems are two that most people hear about. New digestive enzyme supplements have extended the life of CF victims while at the same time causing a new threat to come to the forefront. One of the main effects the faulty chloride channel causes is the production and buildup of thick, viscous mucus throughout the body. The lungs suffer the most. The buildup of matter in the lungs that eventually kills most CF sufferers is composed of three components, a normal protein present in everbody's mucus, bacteria, and a concentration of dead white blood cells many times greater than normal. It is the DNA from these millions of white blood cells that the body has the hardest time expelling and is one of the leading contributors to loss of pulmonary function and death in CF victims. One of the first biotechnology drugs shows promise,however. It is a modified enzyme, a DNAase that cuts the DNA strands into smaller pieces the body can eliminate easier. This may help extend the lives of CF victims until one day a permanent genetic cure is developed.

Kevin Yarger
Email: kyarger@mail.bgsu.edu

What factors increase the risk of ovarian cancer?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This was taken from U.S. Healthcare from medical professionals in consultation .

The Answer:

There are many factors contributing to ovarian cancer in women. A family history of ovarian cancer and age contribute to the highest. Women over age forty and especially over age 60 have a much higher risk over younger women. Other factors include having a history of infertility, obesity, and never having any children. Having a history of other cancers, including breast, endometrial, and colorectal also increase the risk. Caucasian women living in North America and Europe also have a higher risk.

Jennifer Hilliard
Email: jennihi@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What Is The Controversy Behind Olestra?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The site of my information was from the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research

The Answer:

On January 24, l996 the FDA approved the zero-calorie syntheric fat olestra into America's food supply. Olestra is a fat substitute that has all the qualities of real fat, including the taste, but it has no calories. Yet, there has been much controversy over this topic because of two main arguments. First of all, American people are very obese and a fat substitute like olestra could bring the down the fat consumption and reduce the average of weight of Americans, but secondly olestra is not digestable and is just passed throught the digestive system. The downfall of this is that as olestra is passed through the digestive system it can also interfere with the absorption of Vitamins A, D, E, and K. Many people feel that Olestra is not good for the body because of the malabsorption of essential vitamins, and because to much olestra can cause abdominal cramping and diarrhea. Furthermore, there is debate on whether or not olestra effects carotenoids, fat soluble substances that are thought to help keep the immune system helathy and prevent certain types of cancers, heart disease and eye problems. Scientists feel that olestra also carries these out of the body without first being absorbed. Although olestra has been approved by the FDA people must be carefule on how much olestra is consumed, if taken in moderation it should not have toxic effects. One must keep in mind that olestra should not take place of a healthy diet.

Kristin Johnson
Email: kannej@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How to prevent osteoporosis

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Osteoporosis

The Answer:

Osteoporosis is a bone-weakening disease that develops gradually and makes bones fragile so that they fracture under normal use. People increase their bone density until around age 30-35 when they reach peak bone mass. Bone mass remains fairly stable until after middle age. Bone loss can speed up in women 5-10 years after menopause. Estrogen therapy can help to reduce this bone loss. To lesson normal age-related bone loss, all adults should consume adequate calcium, engage in regular weight bearing exercises, stop smoking, and moderate their alcohol intake. The recommended daily intake of calcium for persons age 11-24 is 1200 mg. All adults 25 years and older should consume 800 mg of calcium per day. Dairy foods produce about 75% of the calcium in the U.S. food supply. Milk, cheese, and yogurt are good sources of calcium. Vitamin d fortified milk is a good source of vitamin D which helps the body absorb the calcium that has been taken in. One glass of milk provides about 300 mg of calcium. An equivalent of this could be:

4 cups of cooked broccoli
3 cups of cooked kale
4.5 oz. of salmon bones

Calcium supplements could be another source of calcium, however calcium rich foods are recommended for their other nutritional values.

Gail Utendorf
Email: gutendo@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is an ulcer and who is most likely to develop one?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Bacteria cause ulcers? You're kidding!

The Answer:

An ulcer is an erosion of tissue that can be shallow, deep or inflamed. These are usually formed as a circular depression in tissue. The most common kind of ulcer are tiny, shallow ones caused by a virus infection in the mouth (canker sores). These normally disappear quite quickly. However, there are other forms, such as stomach and duodenal ulcers that can cause mild to severe health problems. These two forms are erosions of tissues that line the gastrointestinal tract. Stress was believed to be the cause until around 1982 when Dr. Barry Marshall found that Helicobacter pylori was present in the stomach lining of patients suffering from severe cases of ulcers (and not found in the stomach linings of healthy persons). It is now accepted that this bacteria is the cause of stomach and duodenal ulcers. This bacterium is known to bind to the O blood-group structure present on gastric epithelial cells. Therefore, people who have O-type blood are more susceptible to develop stomach and duodenal ulcers.

Michelle Chesnic
Email: mchesni@opie.bgsu.edu

What is Osteoporosis?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Osteoporosis

The Answer:

Osteoporosis is a disease that is common among elderly people. It is more popular among women than men and it happens after menopause in females. This disease causes th bones to weaken and break. Osteoporosis occurs in individuals who are sedentary, have a low Calcium intake, and have slight bone structures. Some preventative measures to lower the risk of this disease is to take Calcium supplements, have an estrogen replacement, and exercise regularly.

Jenny Schwartz
Email: jlschwa@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is SAD?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Seasonal Affective Disorder

The Answer:

Seasonl Affective Disorder (SAD) is clinical depression that consistently recurs with a change in season, usually during fall and winter. Some signs are: headdache, crying spells, and the inability to concentrate. About 10 million Americans suffer from SAD and about 75% of them are women. Children can be diagonsed as well. The only way to control SAD is by professional help. Some ways to treat SAD include medication, exercise, and medication.

Jennifer Banaszak
Email: jennib@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How to Prevent Osteoporosis, Especially Prior to Age 35.

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Information from the National Osteoporosis Foundation on the prevention of osteoporosis.

The Answer:

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. The RDA of calcium, a mineral known to help prevent osteoporosis, is 1,200-1,500 mg/day for people 11-24 years. The people at risk for developing osteoporosis possess these risk factors: age (an older person is more likely to develop osteoporosis than a younger person), gender (female), race (Caucasian and Asian), menopause/menstrual history, lifestyle (smoking), certain medications, and family history. How can osteoporosis be prevented? Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) can be administered to some women who have had their ovaries removed prior to age 50, who have undergone early menopause, and who have multiple risk factors. Calcium intake is important through the diet. An 8 oz. glass of milk provides about 300 mg, which is about 1/4 of the RDA. Other foods high in calcium content are dairy products and broccoli. Exercise is also important; however, it is beneficial only as long as the program is maintained. One of these methods will not prevent or cure osteoporosis, but they are all important in the overall prevention program.

Kristi Mason
Email: masonk@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Hypoglycemia

The answer to this question was obtained from:
It is a general information site

The Answer

Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar is a condition which occurs when the body's blood sugar level drops to low. Normal blood sugar range is between 60-120mg/dl. However, during fasting it can be expected to drop slightly below this mark without any indication of disease. The body controls the circulating glucose level via the hormone insulin which is normally secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. Insulin stimulates cells (specifically liver, muscle, and fat cells) to uptake glucose, thus lowering the amount of glucose in circulation. Insulin in normal individuals is secreted in response to an increase in blood sugar levels, usually after a meal or snack. An excess of circulating insulin level removes to much glucose from circulation. Therefore, the circulating glucose level is depressed out of the normal range ie hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia can be caused by a few different factors. It can appear in individuals with insulin dependant diabetes (Type I) who either took to much insulin for the amount they ate, did not eat, did strenuous exercise, or drank an excess amount of alcohol. In Type I individuals hypoglycemia is known as an insulin reaction. Other causes can be related to genes, pregnancy, certain medications, or prolong periods of fasting. However, it is not as common "naturally" as it was once believed to have been.

RobertPohlmeyer
Email: pohlmey@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What determines if a child has congenital hemolytic anemia?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Vanderbilt University

The Answer:

Any infant or child with anemia, jaundice, or splenomegaly should be tested for hemolytic anemia. There is a thickening of the skull and facial bones along with intramedullary erythroid hyperplasia, and cardiomegaly. Mild hemolytic anemia is usually identified during an infectious illness when the red blood cell count may drop due to bone marrow depression or acutely increased splenomegaly. Several tests can be performed to determine if the infant has congenital hemolytic anemia. Some tests are a Coombs test and if negative specific diagnostic tests for congenital hemolytic anemias are also done, which includes testing for osmotic fragility, screens for G- 6- PD and pyruvate kinase deficiencies, and hemoglobin electrophoresis.

Sally Ostheimer
Email: sallyo@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Chromium Picolinate

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Chromium Picolinate:"Nutrient of the Nineties"

The Answer:

Chromium Picolinate is a dietary supplement which is a great source of the mineral chromium. It works by helping the body to recognize insulin, which may help with the loss of body fat. If the body does not detect insulin, then people tend to gain fat weight. Many say that Chromium Picolinate helps weight loss by acting as an appetite suppressant. It does this by regulating the glucostat in the brain which tells the body whether it's hungry or not. Chromium Picolinate is also said to help the body keep and gain lean weight when dieting. It does so by minimizing the breakdown of proteins in muscles. This leads to burning more fat than muscle. If this is not done then people tend to gain the weight back again. Other benefits of Chromium Picolinate are stimulation of metabolism, acceleration of fat loss, and it also tends to lower cholesterol while clearing arteries of cholesterol plaque.

Lezley Arnold
Email: larnold@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are the symtoms and cause of migraine headaches?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This article discusses the symptoms and possible cause of migraine headaches

The Answer:

The warning signs of migraine headaches include jagged lines or bright or dark spots in front of the eyes, loss of peripheral vision, or complete loss of sight in one eye as well as numbness on one side of the body. Sometimes patients with migraines experience paralysis, dizziness, or even loss of consciousness for a short time. After experiencing signals, a severe throbbing headache usually limited to one side develops. These headaches can last from several hours to several days and are often accompanied by nausea, irritability, and fatigue. The cause is unknown, although the most likely explanation is that the body releases a chemical that affects the blood vessels in the brain, which results in the warning symptoms that a headache will soon begin. The swelling of the scalp vessels is the cause of the headache itself.

Nicole Wienken
Email: nwienke@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is the RDA for Vitamin E?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Vitamin E

The Answer:

Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin found in vegetable oils, wheat germ, liver, and leafy green vegetables. This vitamin is very important because it protects vitamin A and the essential fatty acids from oxidation in the body's cells. It also prevents the breakdown of body tissues. This vitamin also plays an important role in the antioxidant effect in the lungs. Here the cells are exposed to high levels of oxygen that could easily destroy their membranes. Vitamin E protects the cell's membranes from being destroyed. Since red blood cells are also exposed to high levels of oxygen, vitamin E helps them to protect their cell membranes too. Vitamin E also protects the white blood cells that defend the body against disease. Normal nerve development also depends on vitamin E. Since vitamin E plays an important role in the body's normal functioning from day to day, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) differs between men and women. Men between the ages of 19-24 need only 10 milligrams of vitamin E within a three day period. Women between the ages of 19-24 need only 8 milligrams of vitamin E within a three day period. One reason for this difference is body size. Men, on average, are usually larger than women and require more nutrients, so thier bodies will function normally.

Kristy Cooper
Email: kristyc@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What does the B COMPLX do to the for the human body?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
It was found in the educational oncolink www site

The Answer

The B complex are membrane stabilizers and as a result they are natural tranquilizers. These vitamins contain PABA which aids in protecting the skin against the results of uv radiation. This protects the skin aganist cancer and rinkels in the skin. all people with regardless to skin color should use a conditioner (skin) with a B complex. This complex tends to reduce stress in people and should be consumed daily. These vitamins are water soluble and as a result they need to be consumed by eating food.

Richard Bailey
Email: briche@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Cystic Fibrosis and how do you get it?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This site would be considered a CF home page. It gives you sources to find out about the disease itself, places for support groups. IT also contains information for doctors about new info that has been released and conferences that will be coming up.

The Answer:

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease that you inheret from your parents. It is not contagious. About 1 in 23 people carry the defective gene which makes it the mostcommon genetis defect of its severity in the United States. It is caused by a gene that is specially coded to make a protein called CFTR. CFTR controls the flow of chloride ions across the cell membnrane. Each gene has two alleles. If one allele functions properly the gene will be normal. However, if they are both defective the person has Cystic Fibrosis. People with CF have chronic lung problems with digestive disorders. Their lungs are covered with a sticky mucus which is hard to remove and causes frequent infections.. Their life expectancy used to be short but now it is up to 30 years from 8. Give the answer to your question here - about a paragraph.

Karen Wahl
Email: kwahl@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Are Cholesterol levels in the blood a strong link to coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart attack risk?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
American Heart Association - Fighting Heart Disease and Stroke

The Answer:

Cholesterol levels in the blood appear to be an accurate measure of the amount of fatty plaque clogging a person's coronary arteries. Researchers used angiograms to peer inside the coronary arteries of 2,587 men and women at 18 European medical centers. This was the first time that researchers have comprehensively linked actual cholesterol levels to the amount of coronary artery disease in such a large study. The risk of heart attack increases when total cholesterol and LDL levels are elevated, and levels of "good" HDL are low. The findings provide clear evidence that all of cholesterol - including LDL and HDL - is strongly related to the prescence and extent of coronary artery disease.

Todd Fedorovich
Email: tfedoro@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Who should be tested for anemia?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This site, Cliniweb, offers a quick and easy access to biomedical information on the World Wide Web. Their main focus is information that would be used by health care professional students and practitioners. The subjects are organized by disease classification.

The Answer:

There is little evidence that ealry detection of iron deficiency anemia, the most common form of anemia found, is beneficial except for infants and pregnant women. Iron deficiency is most prevalent among young children, women of reproductive age, and the elderly. However, only infants and pregnant women seem to benefit from early detection. For pregnant women, this may prevent low birthweight, prematurity, and high perinatal mortality associated with high levels of iron deficiency anemia. Infants who are tested and thus treated will not suffer from impaired behavior and development commonly associated with the deficiency. In the other population groups, though, early detection may only disclose other underlying diseases, such as cancer. The tests most commonly used are serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and erythrocyte protoporphynin. They are not suggested for primary screening, though, because of the high cost involved and the low prevalence of iron deficiency in the general population. It has been agreed on that infants should be tested, whether at birth or within the first week of life, while it is recommended to test expectant mothers during their first prenatal screening.

Amy Varley
Email: vamy@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Zidovudine, and how does it work?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The simple fact sheet:AZT

The Answer

Zidovudine or AZT, was the first drug approved for the treatment of AIDS. AZT is an anti-HIV treatment in the same of drugs as ddl, ddC, d4T and 3TC. These drugs are called nucleoside analogs. The body breaks down these drugs into chemicals that stop HIV from infecting uninfected cells in the body.

Jim Dyer
Email: jdyer@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is iron and are vegetarians deficient in iron?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Iron in the Vegan Diet

The Answer:

Iron is a vital mineral needed for red blood cell formation and it interacts with hemoglobin to carry oxygen in the blood. This is an essential nutrient in our diet because not enough iron leads to anemia and an overload causes hemochromatosis. In food there is two forms of iron, heme and non-heme. Meat contains heme iron which is well absorbed. Non-heme is found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts but is less well absorbed. It would seem that vegetarians would be deficient in iron because non-heme iron is not easily absorbed. Fortunately, most vegetables that are high in non-heme iron are also high in vitamin C. Vitamin C increases the absorption of non-heme iron up to six-fold which provides the same amount or more than that of heme iron. Eat your broccoli and you'll be fine.

Ryan S Bowman
Email: ryanbow@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Is there any other treatments for asthma besides drugs?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
NAHA, National Association for Holostic Aromatherapy

The Answer:

Jeanne Rose tells how there are different therapies for asthma. These therapies consist of massage therapy, Chinese Herbal medicine, Western Herbal medicine, and aromatherapy. Reseach has been done to see how affective the massage therapoy is. After one month of treatment, the children being treated were able to breathe easier and fewer attacks. The combination of aromatherapy and massage seemed to help a great deal. The essential oils used were able to ease the symptoms of asthma, bronchitis and sinus blockage. Asthma in not a psychosomatic diseace that can be cured by counseling. It is a physiological disease of the airways. These therapies alone cannot treat asthma patients, but can be used with the drugs for better results.

Holly R. Lehman
Email: hollyl@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is epilepsy?Are there any effective treatments?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The University of Washington's Comprehensive Epilepsy Program and the Epilepsy Home Page

The Answer:

Epilepsy, contrary to popular belief, is not a disease but rather a sign or symptom of an underlying neurological disorder. It is characterized by the regular occurence of seizures, abnormal electrical discharges from a group of brain cells. This electrical discharge may be isolated in one area of the brain (partial seizure) or may involve the entire brain (generalized seizure). Typical seizures may entail a few seconds of unconsiousness (absence, or petit mal seizure) or involve 1-7 minutes of rigid body jerks and twitches by an unconsious person (tonic-clonic, or grand mal seizure). While 65% of all epilepsy cases have no known cause, possible factors that may lead to epilepsy include: head injury invoving scarring of brain tissue, high fever or trauma at birth, certain drugs and toxins in large doses, interrupted blood flow to the brain due to stroke, tumor, or disease and diseases that alter balance of the blood or its chemical structure. A predisposition to epilepsy may be inherited by children from their parents but not the disease itself. Treatment of epilepsy is usually in the form of drug therapy. Patients take prescribed drugs to help regulate the frequency and intensity of seizures and most individuals lead normal lives. Drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy involve the concentrations of neurotransmitters in the brain. Normal brain functions rely on a balance between inhibitory neurotransmitters (such as g-aminobutyric acid, or GABA) that tell neurons to fire less often and excitatory neurotransmitters (such as glutamate) that encourage neuron to fire more frequently. By either enhancing the action of the inhibitory transmitters (the most common approach) or decreasing the effects of the excitatory neurotransmitters, epileptic seizures may be controlled. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are examples of drugs that may be helpful in controlling epileptic seizures. If drugs fail to work, surgery may be an option for patients that have their electrical misfirings in an isolated part of the brain.

Heather Brahaney
Email: brahaha@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are vitamins and minerals? What is their importance in the body?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Dr. Mindell on vitamins and minerals

The Answer:

Vitamins are natural organic substances found in small quantities in all foods. The body can not manufacture most vitamins; they must be ingested. Vitamins are very dependent on minerals. Without minerals vitamins are utterly useless. Minerals are needed to create energy, keep heart beating, and to maintain good function of internal organs. The body cannot function properly without vitamins and minerals. Known also as the micro-nutrients, vitamins and minerals are used in the body to convert the macro-nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) into energy. This energy is further converted to growth, vitality, and well-being.

Christina Weisbarth
Email: wcmarie@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What causes Fragile X Syndrome?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Fragile X Syndrome

The Answer:

Fragile X syndrome is caused by a reproductive disorder which affects the child of a carrier. This syndrome is characterized by varing degrees of mental impairment ranging from learning disabilities to mental retardation. The gene responsible for this syndrome is called FMR1. Individuals who have only a slight defect in the FMR1 gene are either slightly impaired or they are healthy individuals who show no symptoms but are carriers. Others who posses a full mutation in the FMR1 gene are mentally retarded. In this case, the mutation of the FMR 1 gene causes the gene to completely shut down and does not allow the gene to synthesize the protein that a normal gene does.

Cammie Bowe
Email: cbbowe@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are the effects of MSUD on the body?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Maple Syrup Urine Disease

The Answer:

Maple Syrup Urine Disease commonly known as MSUD is a hereditary disease that leaves urine with a sweet smell. MSUD causes an imbalance in the bodies ability to metabolize certain parts of protein. The three parts of the protein that are commonly affected are three-branched amino acids known as leucine, isoleucine, and valine. When the body is unable to process these amino acids they build up in the blood which in turn causes a damaging effect on the brain. This effect can lead to mental retardation, physical disabilities, and even death. Testing for MSUD is becoming more widely performed on newborns with some states even making it mandatory.

Trisha Fair
Email: tfair@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How does Clomid aid in infertility?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Bay Area Health Resources - Home Page

The Answer:

An article provided by the Bay Area Fertility Medical Group discusses a drug which has revolutionized the field of infertility. Clomiphine Citrate (Clomid) is an oral drug used in selected patients to induce ovulation. The medication, administered early in the menstrual cycle, works to supress or mask the natural presence of estrogen. The pituitary gland does not detect the true amount of estrogen present in the body and is tricked into producing more follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH). These hormones cause a follicle to ripen and be released as an ovum. Of well-screened patients who use Clomid, 70% will ovulate and of those women, 40% will become pregnant. Proper management is necessary to minimize adverse reactions such as enlarged or cystic ovaries and blurring of vision. While multiple births are more common with the use of Clomid, only about 6% involve twins. If you or someone you know is interested in the field of infertility, this is an excellent resource. Alta Vista was used to find this and other articles on infertility.

Jill Niswonger
Email: jfenicl@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are smart drugs?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Internet Directory: General/Health and Medicine/Medicine/Pharmacology/Drugs: Better Thinking Through Chemistry

The Answer:

Certain pharmaceuticals are called smart drugs because they are able to enhance the brain's functions, not make a person genetically smarter. These drugs are not addicting and sometimes they are not even medicine. Smart drugs function in the following three ways: help lesson damage done to the brain, repair damage to the brain that has already occured, and enhance the way the brain normally works. Smart drugs deactivate free radicals that are formed when brain cells are killed during the natural aging process. Smart drugs also can connect more neurons together in the brain, which enhances the brain's natural tendencies. Lastly, smart drugs add oxygen to the brain along with neurotransmitting chemicals that can enhance a person's mental functions. Smart drugs are composed of nutrients, herbs and drugs. Contained within this article are several examples of smart drugs and what they are used for. If you are interested, this would be a good article to read.

Becky Logue
Email: blogue@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What type of virus is the Rabies virus, and how does it infect it's host?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
RNA viruses

The Answer:

Rabies is a retrovirus, meaning it travels in the form of RNA surrounded by a protein coat. It is a rabdo-virus of the genus Lyssavirus. It is a neurological disease that causes encephalitis. Its known entry point into the neurons it attacks is at the acetylcholine receptors. Other receptors may be used as well considering that it is able to invade AChR-negative cells. It first multiplies in the muscle tissue, then moves into the peripheral nerves, then to the spinal ganglia, and on the brain. Infection can generally be stopped in the earliest stages, but if allowed to invade nerves, it is fatal.

Cynthia Muhlenkamp
Email: cindym@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What roles do Vitamin A and Carotene play in preventing cancer

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Ask the Dietitian - Joanne Larsen

The Answer:

Carotene is a precursor form of retinol Vitamin A. Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin and is stored with Vitamins D, E, and K. The body can store up to 2 years worth in the liver. Vitamin A helps a person to have good night vision and also helps the body to maintain healthy epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are found in skin as well as the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. A person with adequate Vitamin A intakes will have a lower chance of getting epithelial cancer because of the role that Vitamin A plays in maintaining healthy epithelial cells. However, Vitamin A can be toxic if taken in high amounts, so it is not used as a type of overdose therapy for cancer patients.

Joanna Cameron
Email: joannal@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is the cause of migraine headaches?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Information on migraines found, but not identified

The Answer:

The cause of migraine is unknown. It is suggested that people who experience migraine headaches are sensitive to a chemical(s) that is released which affect the blood vessesls in the head. The affect is a clamping down on the vessels in the brain. When this first occurs, warning signs of the on coming migraine become apparent. Symptoms such as, bright or dark spots in front of the eyes, numbness on one side of the body and the loss of vision in one or both of the eyes are common warning signals of a migraine. While blood vessels in the brain are clamping down, this causes swelling of the blood vessels going to the scalp. This increased swelling in the scalp vessels is the pain of the headache you feel. These headaches can take hours to days to subside. Along with the headaches migraine sufferers may also experience nausea, irrability and fatigue. Attacks that are not frequent and occur during the day may be treated with Ergotamine Tartrate at the onset of the migraine. If the headache is well established the only treatment is lying down in adark, quiet room and letting the migraine run its course. There is evidence that birth control pills aggravate migraines. Doctors also recommend avoiding all cheeses, nuts, yogurt, alcohol,coffee, tea, and any foods containing nitrate-cured meat or monosodium-glutamate for two weeks.

Nikki Pawlowski
Email: npawlow@bgnet.bgsu.edu.

How can one become infected with tuberculosis?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Information about tuberculosis from University of Illinois, Board of Trustees, 1994

The Answer:

The germ is carried through the air and enters the body via the air you breathe. It can be spread by an infected person coughing or sneezing. Catching tuberculois involves two stages. First, an individual becomes infected. Then, the infection progresses to the disease. Catching the infection only requires an individual to come in close contact with an infected individual, breathing the same air.

Crystal Emmert
Email: crystle@bgnet.bgsu.edu

How can a vegan woman meet increased nutritional needs during pregnancy?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Pregnancy is a time of increased nutritional needs, both to support the rapidly growing fetus and to allow for the changes occurring in the pregnant woman's body. Throughout pregnancy, recommended intakes of many vitamins and minerals are higher than those recommended prior to pregnancy. For example, the recommendation for folic acid is more than doubled and the recommendation for calcium is 50% higher during pregnancy.

The Answer:

A vegan woman can meet her needs in several ways. The RDA for protein is 60 grams per day, this can be met through soy products, beans and grains. Calcium and Vid D can be met by eating greens, tofu processed with calcium sulfate and black strap molasses, tahini toast or figs. They can take calcium supplements if absolutely necessary but can get constipation from them. Vit D can also be obtained from sunlight. The RDA for iron can be met by eating plenty of dark green leafy vegetables or supplements. Vit B12 can be obtained from micro yeast powder, fortified cereal and fortified soy milk.

Kelly Duber
Email: dkelly@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This source provides information on the causes, symptoms, and various types of multiple sclerosis.

The Answer:

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a condition of the central nervous system in which the myelin sheath surrounding nerves degenerates. Myelin is a fatty tissue that helps to conduct electrical impulses to and from the brain. As this tissue demyelinates plaques or lesions are left (thus the meaning of the term Multiple Sclerosis: "many scars") and the speed of transmission of impulses decreases. Since this disorder involves the CNS, symptoms include disturbances in vision, balance, co-ordination, and other various abnormalities. The symptoms vary from patient to patient and even within each patient depending on the areas of the CNS that have been affected and the length of time of affliction. The cause of MS is still under investigation. Some researchers believe that a dormant virus may activate the immune system to attack particular regions of the CNS. They feel that strains of the common herpes and/or measles virus trigger the auto-immune response which causes white blood cells to destroy myelin. Detection and diagnosis of MS is difficult due to its vague and variable symptoms, yet the use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has helped greatly. This diagnostic test shows physicians detailed pictures of the brain and spinal cord in which the affected areas are readily visible. MRI in conjunction with neurological exams and other tests have aided in early detection of MS. Although the majority (40%) of sufferers experience relapses in their illness and become progressively disabled in the later courses of the disease, some people experience nearly complete remission with few relapses. Many MS patients, regardless of the severity of the illness, go on to continue with their daily lives and manage the pain and inconvenience of the disease. It is entirely possible for individuals with Multiple Sclerosis to lead productive and relatively normal lives.

Julie Gustwiller
Email: julieg@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are the consequences of alcohol on the liver?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The Columbia- Presbyterian Medical Center's Home Page

The Answer:

The article "Alcoholic Liver Diseases" was written by Howard J. Eorman MD. Worman wrote about the different aspects of the problems that can result from the over consumption of alcohol. Besides the social problems such as drinking and driving, Worman went into great detail about the physical aspects. Alcohol affects the central nervous system as well as the liver. Since all alcohol is metabolized by the liver, overconsumption leads to disease of the liver. The author describes 3 diseases: fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Besides describing what each disease entailed, Worman also provides pictures to compare a healthy liver to one that is plagued with the corresponding disease. The author also provides additional information on cirrhosis. Finally, he provides information about treatment centers because all of the diseases can be treated if one abstains from alcohol. This article was found by using Nova Links.

Jennifer Bennett
Email: jennyjb@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What are some common anabolic steroids and the side effects and symptoms of their use?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The article was found on the WWW in a book titled Narcotics, Chapter 2 titled Anabolic Steroids

The Answer:

Anabolic steroids are a synthetic derivative of the male hormone, testosterone. They immitate testosterone in the body by producing both anabolic (to build up) and androgenic (male like) effects on the body. They are used to enhance athletic performance, especially in weight lifting. Anabolics come in tablet or liquid form and can be taken orally or intramuscularly, respectively. The FDA estimates that there are 2-3 million users in the U.S. generating 500 million dollars to the black market anually. A few of the common anabolic steroids include: Anadrol, Balasterone, Dianabol, Winstrol, and Durabolin. Some of the common side effects of steroids include: acne, cancer, high cholesterol, shrunken testicles, aggressive behavior, and loss of hair. Symptoms to look out for in users include: puffy face, severe acne, mood swings, profuse sweating, and increased weight over short time period.

David D. Brugh
Email: dbrugh@bgnet.bgsu.edu

What is Bioremediation and what is it used for?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Biotechnology Industry Organization Home Page Link

The Answer:

Bioremediation is defined by a number of biologically-based processes materials into harmless by-produces such as water, carbon dioxide and various salts. It involves the same processes that take place when organic matter is composted. It is a natural way to improve the state of our environment and reduce the harmfulness of ecological side-effects of industry. Bioremediation works by identifying and isolating naturally occuring-bacteria or fungi that degrade specific substances. Scientists have discovered a number of these microorganisms that feed on waste products and other recognized pollutants. These microorganisms then excrete by-products that are either harmless or useful chemicals. Then when the microorganisms deplete the hazardous materials and nutrients, they either return to their natural levels or are removed via a filtration process. Bioremediation is used today to manage municipal sewage, clean up oil spills, clean groundwater contaminated by leaking underground storage tanks, industrial waste water, and to reclaim and treat hazardous waste sites. Scientists clone them and manufacture them in large quantities. Then introduce combinations of these organisms at hazardous waste sites to eliminate specific waste materials. Bioremediation is used as a more economical method to reclaim a spill or hazardous watse site that conventional methods, such as incineration, the use of chemical additives, or landfills. It can also be used to clean up a wide variety of industrial wae emitted into the air, eliminate harmful by-products from the production of steam, and prevent their introduction intop the environment.

Matthew L. Rose
Email: roseml@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Can vitamin C cure the common cold?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Medline references for immunology

The Answer:

The articel takes a look at several major studies. The studies did not show any considerable decrease in the incidence of the common cold, but there was shown to be a consistently decreased duration of the cold and severity of the symptoms. The benifits of vitamin C show a wide variety of benifits. The biochemical explanation of the benifits may be based on the antioxidant property of vitamin C. In an infection, phagocyitic leucocytes become activated and they produce oxidizing compounds which are released from the cell. By reacting with these oxidants, vitamin C may decrease the in flammatory effects caused by them. The cold studies show that the amont of vitamin C required to prevent scurvy(the RDA) may be too low to provide for the other reactions in which vitamin C is nessessary. In another article found in the Medline references for immunology, it was stated that only a handful of animals are know that do not produce there own vitamin C. Apes and humans happen to be part of that short list. The vitamin C deficiency that humans show may be linked to a trend of people not living out there complete life potential. While most animals show a life potential seven times the period it takes them to reach sexual maturity, humans almost always fall short. The estimated life potential for humans should be 140 years. The article was found using lycos.

Richard M. Marinelli
Email: marinel@bgnet.bgsu.edu

The following reports are almost, but not quite complete.
Only one item is missing or incorrect:

How does a vegetarian intake the recommended level of iron without consumption of red meats?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
Hoptechno

The Answer

There are other sources of iron other than red meat. Dark leafy vegetables and whole cereal grains contain non-heme iron. The negative aspect to these vegetables is that they contain oxalates and phytates which decrease the absorption of iron by binding with iron in the gastrointestinal tract. Other oprions include fortified foods, such as cereals. There is also the option of takin iron supplements, ferrous sulfate is an example. It definitely is possible for a vegetarian to intake the necessary iron to fulfill the RDA.

Mike Graham
Email:

What is glaucoma? What are some of the risks and how is it treated?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
This site discussed various aspects of glaucoma and a lot of the information was adapted from Sewickley Medical Association, Vital Signs. Volume 4, Number 4, Winter 1993-94, pp.11-14.

The Answer:

Glaucoma is a family of many different disorders which all have in common damage to the optic nerve, the "cable" at the back of the eyeball which transmits visual information to the brain. The most common of these types is the primary open angle glaucoma in which the eyes suffer gradual painless damage. There are also many risks to glaucoma. Some of which include intraocular pressure (IOP), this is the pressure of the fluid inside of your eyeball. Age is another risk-the older you are, the higher the risk. Race, untreated hypertension, and heavy metal exposure (such as welding) also multiply the risk. Tobacco use increased the risk by three times, and myopia and diabetes mellitus double someone's risk of getting glaucoma. For someone who has been diagnosed with glaucoma, there are many different forms of treatment. One form of treatment is medical therapy. This involves putting eyedrops into your eyes and also taking some oral medications such as blood vessel dilations and blood thinners to increase optic nerve blood flow. Another form of treatment is laser surgery. this surgery changes the shape of ;the trabecular meshwork so that aqueous may exit more effectively for 2-5 years.

Laura Gorsick
Email: lgorsic@bgnet.bgsu.edu.

How can radioisotopes be useful in medicine?

The answer to this question was obtained from:

Recently it was revealed that antibiotics have created new, more powerful strains of disease. What are some ways to naturally build up a healthy immune system?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The federal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) examines how the prescribed use of antibiotics is attributing to new, more powerful, diseases infiltrating the populous.

The Answer:

The article "Microbial Mutants" was posted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and explores how many viruses have become immuned to prescribed antibiotics. The answer to my question was found in a section exploring ways to naturally build a healthy immune system so one does not fall prey to these new strains of disease. The first, most obvious approach to build up your immune system is to develop a healthy, well balanced diet. But in addition to this, one can also use certain food supplements. This is necessary because of the many nutrient lost in food production. Suggested supplements are pycnogenols, which are stronger than vitamins C and E, theses are effective because they destroy free radicles in the body. Also something called MSM is effective in helping the body to repair damaged cells. A final way to build up a healthy immune system is to use natural alternative medicines. A universal, non-toxic antibiotic substance called colloidal silver is considered to be a natural alternative to many antibiotics. This is because silver acts as a catalyst, disabling enzymes useful to virus and bacteria metabolism. This article was also detailed when describing how the new diseases have become so powerful, and there are many more web sites exploring this topic. A recent book that is doing very well called THE HOT ZONE explores this subject also, and I suggest it if you find this subject interesting.

Mary Nieman
Email: nieman@bgnet.bgsu.edu

Is a low salt/high potassium diet effective in reducing hypertension

The answer to this question was obtained from:
The University of Texas-Houston Health science Center

The Answer:

Dr. Barry Davis, professor of biometry, said the findings from the Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management, provide no support for the sole use of a low salt/high potassium diet as a therepeutic treatment of high blood pressure.

Stephen Crosby
Email:

Why is a diet low in fat, high in carbohydrates, not a suitable diet for losing fat, even when exercise is involved?

The answer to this question was obtained from:
How to obtain your fat burning zone

The Answer

The human body has a fat burning zone. Eating a properly balanced diet allows for your body fat to be utilized during exercise. A diet high in carbohydrate, low in protein and very low in fat, puts the body above the zone. This serves as an energy crash and fat storage takes place. A diet high in protein and low in carbohydrates and very low in fat puts the body below the fat-burning zone. Ketosis evolves which causes a loss of muscle mass and slows metabolism. A diet with a balanced amount of carbohydrates and protein, and low in fat will stimulate the release of glucagon, which allows the body to utilize fat for energy.

Joy M Liebig
jliebig

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