dec 12, 2001

• Basic Atomic structure
  • nucleus, protons, neutrons; charges, mass
  • electrons
  • electrons shells
  • octet rule
  • periodic table
  • why is it Cl^- and O^2- and Ca²⁺
  • bonds, shared electron pairs
  • bond energy
  • heat of a reaction
  • molecules
• Question: Oxidation (giving up electrons)
  • oxygen causes oxidation of many species; why?
• Fuels and Energy Sources
  • energy-- many forms
  • most, today, from fossil fuels
    • coal, petroleum, natural gas, (peat)
    • once plants, energy from the sun
    • trapped as C-rich fuels
    • combustion releases CO2
  • other energy sources (later in book)
    • sun and heating, biomass
    • wood, food, alcohol via fermentation
    • nuclear, fission reactors
    • solar panels
    • wind, water power, geothermal
    • (Hydrogen-- must get energy elsewhere first)
  • usage-- US per capita consumption is largest
    • most US petroleum is imported
• pollution from combustion
  • sulfur- SO₂ (especially coal)
    • can remove from exhaust
    • can shift to western coal
    • SO₂ is major source of acid rain
    • (much SO₂ is natural)
  • carbon monoxide
  • nitrogen oxides
    • indirect-- whenever N₂ and O₂ mix hot
    • natural-- lightning
  • ozone, O₃
  • CO₂ and green house effect
  • O₃ and the ozone layer, ozone hole
    • CFC and ozone
    • CFC uses (before the ban)
• Water-- chemistry
  • H₂O , polar bonds
  • good solvent, other polar molecules
  • good solvent, ionic molecules
    • solvent, solute, solution, molarity
    • hydrogen bonding-- high boiling point of water
• Water-- as a resource
  • oceans (salty, but big)
  • surface water (lakes and rivers)
  • wells and aquifers
  • water hardness (Ca2+ mainly)
    • water softeners
    • effect on soap
    • deposits of salts
  • desalination (water purification)
    • distillation
    • ion exchange
    • reverse osmosis (and osmosis itself)
  • charcoal (not for ion removal)
• Acid rain-- source (especially SO2)
  • relative location-- source and effect (regional problem)
• Acids and Bases (sources of H⁺ or H₃O⁺ / OH^-)
  • pH scale (low=acidic, 7=neutral, high=basic)
  • neutralization (reaction of acid and a base)
• Petroleum--
  • oil, pumped from ground
  • fractional distillation
    • hydrocarbons
  • catalytic cracking
    • definition of a catalyst
  • jump ahead-- also products like polymers
• Nuclear Energy
  • E=mc², conversion of mass to energy
  • isotopes
  • Uranium: 235 and 238
    • lots of 238, 235 is fissionable
    • isotope enhancement
  • reactors
    • fission (into smaller nuclei)
    • neutron induced; more neutron products
    • reactor components
    • (fuel rods, control rods, moderator, shielding,heat transfer, power from steam)
    • nuclear fuel disposal
  • Plutonium
  • Half life
  • Radiation: alpha, beta, gamma
    • relate to He, electron, X-rays
  • Isotopes in medicine
• Ch 8-- new fuels (H, batteries, solar cells)
• Ch 9-- plastics and polymers
• Ch 10-- drugs and medicine
• Ch 11-- (goal)
  • carbohydrates
  • fats; saturated fats
  • cholesterol
  • proteins