Chemistry 100
Exam 2 -- Review Notes
There will be a class session (review, questions)
- Monday 6-8 pm, MS 210 (our regular classroom)
Exam covers chapters 4-5-6 and 7
- The exam won't go back through Chapters 1-3. Of course, any basic material from the earlier chapters (like atomic numbers) may show up. Notice that the chapter on Air (Ch 1) provides information that shows up again under Acid Rain. These ideas do develop, so you might want to do a little review of Ch 1-2-3.
By all means, review exam 1 as part of your planning. This exam will follow the same pattern.
- types of questions and choices will be similar
- some questions ask if you remember while others ask you to figure out an answer
- length will be similar (most of you will have time to look over some of your answers)
- topics that need serious discussion don't show up as multiple choice or short answers
- focus your exam study on material that's likely to show up
- each chapter probably has 4-8 major ideas and you can expect most these will be represented by one question. (That's over half of the multiple choice questions.)
Chapter 4-- Energy
- what is energy and how do we measure it?
- what are the important energy sources in our society?
- probably should know molecules that are typical or important
- methane; a linear saturated hydrocarbon; an unsaturated hydrocarbon (double bonds)
- CO2 and water as normal products of combustion
- CO and SO2 as unwanted products of combustion
- petroleum-- sources, processing, fuel use, uses other than as fuels
- catalysts and cracking process
- US is a major consumer, relies heavily on imports
- some questions at the end of the chapter
- 1, 2,11,14, 15 (a calculation), 26, 28, 31, 33, 42, 47
Chapter 5-- Drinking Water
- water (solvent, solute, solutions)
- electronegativity, polar bonds, dissolving ionic compounds
- water on the planet; oceans and water that is drinkable
- removing impurties (including the salt in sea water)
- distillation, reverse osmosis, freezing, ion exchange (water softeners)
- elements of concern in water supplies
- hardness (Ca+2 typically)-- why a concern?
- salt (ocean, seaside wells)
- specific concerns (nitrates, lead, mercury) and deliberate additions (Cl2 and F-)
- Problems: #2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11,13, 20, 24,
Chapter 6 -- Acid Rain
- Acids and bases-- definitions, reactions, neutralization, H+, H3O+ and OH-
- pH and concentration of H+ (safe range from plants and fish?)
- What makes rain acidic?
- role and magnitude CO2, SO2, SO3 and NOx
where do those species come from? (natural vs.. man made)
- does acid rain mean acidic water (lakes, rivers, aquifers)
- when and where is acid rain a biological problem
- is acid rain treatable? is it avoidable?
- in what sense is acid rain local, regional, global?
Problems: #1,3,4,6, 7,9, 16, 21, 31, 36, 38
chapter 7-- Nuclear
- nuclei, nuclear reactions and radioactivity
- alpha, beta and gamma rays
- half life, natural radioactivity
- uses of radiation
- uses of radioactive materials (how is that different from uses of radiation?)
- damaging effects and risks of radiation exposure
- E=mc2 and the massive energy in nuclear reactions
- Fission, controlled in a reactor
- split nucleus (like 235U) into smaller atoms + energy
- role of neutron to start process, extra neutrons afterwards
- control rods in a reactor (role, how are they used)
- how to extract the energy from a reactor without releasing radiation
- containment vessels, melt down
- breeder reactors vs.. enriched uranium vs.. use of Plutonium
- Chernobyl and 3 Mile Island
- Nuclear Weapons
- why reactor won't explode
- fission vs.. fusion
- problems: 1,3,4,8, 10, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 25,26, 38, 47
Element of the Day-- Aluminum
- mostly used as metal; strong but lightweight
- very reactive, but Al forms protective oxide coating
- very difficult to convert Al2O3 to Al metal
- Dissolve, get ions, no water, electrolysis
- cost of Al = mostly cost of electricity
- recycling very profitable, just melt
- oxide is abrasive and gemstone (ruby and sapphire)
- Aluminum is rather abundant (7% of the earth's crust)
Element of the day
CARBON
- abundant element
- elemental forms
- diamond
- natural and synthetic gemstones
- hardest available material
- often used industrially for cutting
- graphite
- black, soft
- used as lubricant
- used as pencil lead
- electrically condcting ; electrodes in Al manufacture
- very rich chemistry (organic chemistry)
- many possible C-C bonds
C-compounds at the heat of all life forms
- most fuels rely on energy of strong C-O bonds in CO2 formation
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